Tiivistelmä / Abstract

AUTOaivo sivulla on linkkejä aivojen kuvantamiseen yms. ja erityisesti siinä käytettyihin loisteaineisiin varsinkin lähi-infrapunalla toimivaan indosyaniinivihreään.

Sivu on tuotettu FIELD NIRce hankkeessa, joka on EU;n Botnia-Atlantica -ohjelman osahanke.

This page is produced in FIELD NIRce project which is a subproject of Bothnia-Atlantica.

Status (tasks)

Tasks done

• This page created 27th August 2008 using AUTOsilma as a starting point. AUTOsilma contains mostly indocyanine.green related stuff.
• 10.12.2008, Tuomas Seppälä, TKK: kandidaatin tutkielma "Indosyaniinivihreä silmän optisessa verisuonikartoituksessa".
• 15.12.2008, Kari Koivuporras: AUTO3270 Tuotantoautomaation projektiopinnot: ICG-angiogrammien parantaminen värityksen avulla käyttäen ImageJ-ohjelmaa

Tasks to be done

• a slide show to give a motivation and background for activities related to brain imaging in AUTOmation
• Links to related work;
• links to brain imaging systems
• links to brain surgery etc

Labwork topics for AUTOcourses etc:

• AUTOlaser: laser tissue welding
• AUTO1030: optical strain testing of tissue welds
• AUTO2050: tissue welding optimisation (DeforMEERI)
• TKK/Automaatio- ja systeemitekniikan projektityöt AS-0.3200 työ 2008-A25:
  TKK/Kandidaatin tutkielma ja VY /AUTO2990 Kandidaatin tutkielma:
  VY / AUTO3270 Tuotantoautomaation projektiopinnot:
  Materiaalia: ImageICGA -kalvot / Slides

Links

• under construction ...

• under construction ...

• Kyuya Kogare and Earl Choromokos, Infrared absorption angiography, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 154-157, 1969. b:KKogare69a
  The first paper using ICG in cerebral blood flow imaging using infrared (NIR) sensitive film (Kodak Ektachrome infrared aero film, type 8443).
• W. B. Wang, S. G. Demos, J. Ali and R. R. Alfano, Imaging fluorescent objects embedded inside animal tissues using polarization difference technique , Optics Communications, Vol. 142, pp. 161-166, 1997. op:RRAlfano97a
  Polarisation used to enchance detection of ICG in scattering tissue (chicken breast). For more information on polarisation difference technique see CAT (City University of New York).

• S. Lloyd-Fox, A. Blasi & C. E. Elwell, Illuminating the developing brain: the past, present and future of functional near infrared spectroscopy, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2010.
  A review of NIRS in functional brain imaging in infants.
• H. Nobuo, S. Keiko and T. Yasushi, Intraoperative near-infrared indocyanine green videoangiography performed with a surgical microscope - Applications in cerebrovascular surgery, European Neurological Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2008. b:HashimotoNobuo08a
  
• Martin Lehecka, Distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, University of Helsinki, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 2009.
  Thesis.
• T. S. Leung, I. Tachtsidis, M. Tisdall, M. Smith, D. T. Delpy and C. E. Elwell, Theoretical investigation of measuring cerebral blood flow in the adult human head using bolus indocyanine green injection and near-infrared spectroscopy , Applied Optics, Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 1604-1614, 2007. med:MartinSmith07a
  Numerical study of ICG in brain blood flow estimation.
• A. Liebert, H. Wabnitz, H. Obrig, R. Erdmann, M. Möller, R. Macdonald, H. Rinneberg, A. Villringer and J. Steinbrink, Non-invasive detection of fluorescence from exogenous chromophores in the adult human brain, NeuroImage, Vol. 31, pp. 600-608, 2006. b:ALiebert06a
  ICG in optical brain tomography: proof of principle using time of flight measurements..
• R. Sitaram, H. Zhang, C. Guan, M. Thulasidas, Y. Hoshi, A. Ishikawa, K. Shimizu & N. Birbaumer, Temporal classification of multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy signals of motor imagery for developing a brain-computer interface, NeuroImage, Vol. 34, pp. 1416-1427, 2007. b:NBirbaumer07a
  NIRS imaging for brain-computer interface.
• M. Hintersteiner, A. Enz, P. Frey, A.-L. Jaton, W. Kinzy, R. Kneuer, U. Neumann, M. Rudin, M. Staufenbiel, M. Stoeckli, K.-H. Wiederhold, H.-U. Gremlich, In vivo detection of amyloid-beta deposits by near-infrared imaging using an oxane-derivative probe, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 577-583, May, 2005. b:MHintersteiner05a
  Mice model of amyloid-beta deposite imaging with NIR using oxazine based probe molecule.
• J. Skoch, A. Dunn, B. T. Hyman, B. J. Bacskai, Development of an optical approach for noninvasive imaging of Alzheimer's disease pathology, Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 011007-1-7, Jan/Feb 2005. b:BJBacskai05a
  Mice model of in vivo optical NIR imaging of amyloid plaque.
• A. Liebert, H. Wabnitz, J. Steinbrink, H. Obrig, M. Möller, R. Macdonald, A. Villringer and H. Rinneberg, Time-resolved multidistance near-infrared spectroscopy of the adult head: intracerebral and extracerebral absorption changes from moments of distribution of times of flight of photons , Applied Optics, Vol. 43, No. 15, pp. 3037-3047, 2004. med:AdamLiebert04a
  ICG is used as an absorbing contrast agent in optical tomography of brain.
• M. Kohl-Bareis, H. Obrig, J. Steinbrink, J. Malak, K. Uludag and A. Villringer, Noninvasive monitoring of cerebral blood flow by a dye bolus method: Separation of brain from skin and skull signals, Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 464-470, 2002. med:MKohl-Bareis02a
  
• D. A Benaron, S. R. Hintz, A. Villringer, D. Boas, A. Kleinschmidt, J. Frahm, C. Hirth, H. Obrig, J. C van Houten, E. L. Kermit, W.-F. Cheong & D. K Stevenson, Noninvasive functional imaging of human brain using light, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 20, pp. 469-477, 2000.
  
• P. Hopton, T. S. Walsh and A. Lee, Measurement of cerebral blood volume using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green elimination , Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 87, No. 5, pp. 1981-1987, 1999. med:PHopton99a
  ICG can be used in brain blood volume monitoring with NIR spectroscopy.
• Arno Villringer and Britton Chance Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function, TINS, Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 435-442, 1997.
  

• T. Koivisto, J. Frösen, M. Niemelä, M. Kangasniemi, J. Rinne, A. Ronkainen & J. Hernesniemi Aivovaltimoaneurysman hoito - Onko koolla väliä? , Duodecim, Vol. 124, ss. 383-391, 2008.
  Surgical treatment of brain aneuryms. Review in Finnish. Vaihtoehtoinen linkki
  Katso myös Duodecim 20/2008: Teemanumero: neurokirurgia.
• R. Dashti, J. Hernesniemi and Mika Niemelä, The role of intra-operative indocyanine green video-angiography in cerebrovascular surgery, European Neurological Disease, II, November, 2007. med:JHernesniemi07a
  ICG in video-angiography in brain aneurysm surgery in Helsinki University Central Hospital. NIR imaging with Carl Zeiss surgical microscope. Also as briefing.
• A. Raabe, P. Nakaji, J. Beck. L. J. Kim, F. P. K. Hsu, J. D. Kamerman, V. Seifert and R. F. Spetzler, Prospective evaluation of surgical microscope-integrated intraoperative near-infrared indocyanine green videoangiography during aneurysm surgery , Journal of Neurosurgery, Vol. 103, pp. 982-989, 2005. med:ARaabe05a
  NIR video-angiography with surgical microscope (Zeiss).
• A. Raabe, J. Beck and V. Seifert, Technique and image quality of intraoperative indocyanine green angiography during aneurysm surgery using surgical microscope integrated near-infrared video technology [Technik und Bildqualität der operationsmikroskop-integrierten Indozyaningrun-Videoangiographie] , Zentralbl Neurochir, Vol. 66, pp. 1-6, 2005. med:ARaabe05b
  NIR-ICG imaging surgical microscope by Carl Zeiss.
• A. Raabe, J. Beck, R. Gerlach, M. Zimmermann and V. Seifert, Near-infrared indocyanine green video angiography: a new method for intraoper ative assessment of vascular flow, Neurosurgery, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 132-139, 2003. med:ARaabe03a
  ICGA in neurosurgery.
• J. Woitzik, P. Horn, P. Vajkoczy and P. Schmiedek, Intraoperative control of extracranial-intracranial bypass patency near-infrared indocyanine green videoangiography , Journal of Neurosurgery, Vol. 102, pp. 692-698, 2005. med:PVajkoczy05a
  NIR ICG angiography with NIR sensitive camcorder and laser-fluorescence device IC-View, Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany.
• A. M. De Grand and J. V. Frangioni, An operational near-infrared fluorescence imaging system prototype for large animal surgery , Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, Vol. 2, No. 6, 2003. med:JVFrangioni03b
  NIR imaging system prototype for surgery and motivation for ICG -based imaging. A detailed description of the device developed for ICG angiography.

• G. Taga, K. Asakawa, A. Maki, Y. Konishi & H. Koizumi, Brain imaging in awake infants by near-infrared optical topography , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Vol. 100, No. 19, pp. 10722-10727, 2003.
  

• M. E. Khosroshahi, M. S. Nourbakhsh, S. Saremi and F. Tabatabaee, Characterization of skin tissue soldering using diode laser and indocyanine green: in vitro studies, Lasers in Medical Science, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 207-212, 2010. med:MEKhosroshahi10a
  
• Robin A. Chivers, In vitro tissue welding using albumin solder: bond strengths and bonding temperatures , International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 20, pp. 179-187, 2000. med:RAChivers00a
  Albumin-based tissue solder combined with ICG used in animal (aorta) experiments. Includes a good review of related work with laser welding and ICG.
• D. Foyt, J. P. Johnson, A. J. Kirsch, J. N. Bruce and J. J. Wazen, Dural closure with laser tissue welding , Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 115, No. 6, pp. 513-518, 1996. med:JJWazen96a
  Albumin-based tissue solder combined with ICG used in animal experiments. Tensile strength tests.

• S. Hettige and D. Walsh, Indocyanine green video-angiography as an aid to surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae, Acta Neurochirurgica, Vol. 152, No. 3, pp. 533-536, 2010. b:SHettige10a
  
• G. A. Schubert, M. Barth and C. Thome, The use of indocyanine green videography for intraoperative localization of intradural spinal tumors , Spine, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. E212-E217, 2010. b:GASchubert10a
  Determination of intradural tumor margins of a series of 30 patients, of which 28 (93%) was successful.
• R. Meier, S. Boddington, C. Krug, F. L. Acosta, D. Thullier, T. D. Henning, E. J. Sutton, S. Tavri, J. C. Lotz and H. E. Daldrup-Link, Detection of postoperative granulation tissue with an ICG-enchanced integrated OI-/X-ray system, Journal of Translational Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 73, 2008. b:ReinhardMeier08a
  

• M. Reekers, M. J. G. Simon, F. Boer, R. A. G. Mooren, J. W. van Kleef, A. Dahan and J. Vuyk, Pulse dye densitometry and indocyanine green plasma disappearance in ASA physical status I-II patients, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 110, No. 2, pp. 466-472, 2010. med:MReekers10a
  ICG fluorescence was measured with 41 patients without liver dysfunction in order to specify normal ICG disappearance rate. The rate was found to be 23.1% ± 7.9%/min (n = 41) with a range of 9.7% to 43.2%/min.
• M. Y. Berezin, H. Lee, W. Akers, G. Nikiforovich and S. Achilefu, Fluorescent lifetime of near infrared dyes for structural analysis of serum albumin, In S. Achilefu, D. J. Bornhop and R. Raghavachari, Molecular Probes for Biomedical Applications II, SPIE-6867, 2008. op:SAchilefu08b
  Studies a set of NIR probes, including ICG, bound to human serum albumin. The fluorescence of LS-288 dye synthesised by the group was found to be optimally sensitive to the tertiary structure deformations, i.e. folding/unfolding, of albumin. It was proposed that this kind of fluorescence measurements could be used in vivo blood analysis of certain pathologies.
• V. B. Rodriguez, S. M. Henry, A. S. Hoffman, P. S. Stayton, X. Li and S. H. Pun, Encapsulation and stabilization of indocyanine green within poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) block-poly(styrene) micelles for near-infrared imaging , Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 014025-1, 2008. opt:SHPun08a
  Nanoencapsulation of ICG.
• Z. Zhang, M. Y. Berezin, J. L. F. Kao, A. d'Avignon, M. Bai and S. Achilefu, Near infrared dichromic fluorescent carbocyanine molecules , Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 47, 2008. op:SAchilefu08a
  Represents new ICG derivatives designed for NIR imaging.
• F. Tam, G. P. Goodrich, B. R. Johnson and N. J. Halas, Plasmonic enhancement of molecular fluorescence , Nano Letters, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 496-501, 2007. opt:NJHalas07a
  Metallic nanoparticles enchance fluorescence of ICG by more than a factor of 50.
• Z. Zhang and S. Achilefu, Design, synthesis and evaluation of near infrared fluorescent pH indicators in a physiologically relevant range , Chem. Commun., pp. 5887-5889, 2007. op:SAchilefu05a
  Gives an ICG derivative for pH measuements.
• A. M. De Grand, S. J. Lomnes, D. S. Lee, M. Pietrzykowski, S. Ohnishi, T. G. Morgan, A. Gogbashian, R. G. Laurence and J. V. Frangioni, Tissue-like phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging system assessment and the training of surgeons, Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2006. med:JVFrangioni06a
  Represents a simple and inexpensive phantom for ICG imaging and tomography studies.
• A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, Detection of single and multiple targets in tissue phantoms with fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging: feasibility study, Radiology, Vol. 235, No. 1, pp. 148-154, 2005. op:MJEppstein05a
  Phamtom study with ICG imaging for breast cancer.
• Adrian Reuben, Landmarks in hepatology, Never say dye , Hepatology, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 259-264, 2004. med:AReuben04a
  A brief history of ICG and its use in monitoring liver condition.
• C. Xu, J. Ye, D. L. Marks and S. A. Boppart, Near-infrared dyes as contrast-enchancing agents for spectroscopic optical coherence tomography , Optics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 14, pp. 1647-1649, 2004. opt:SABoppart04a
  In vitro study of ICG in optical coherence tomography.
• C. Yang, L. E. L. McGuckin, J. D. Simon, M. A. Choma, B. E. Applegate and J. A. Izatt, Spectral triangulation molecular contrast optical coherence tomography with indocyanine green as the contrast agent, Optics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 2016-2018, 2004. op:JAIzatt04a
  Using three wavelengths for optical tomography with ICG.
• C. D. Geddes, H. Cao and J. R. Lakowicz, Enhanced photostability of ICG in close proximity to cold colloids , Spectrochimica Acta Part A, Vol. 59, pp. 2611-2617, 2003. opt:CDGeddes03a
  Gold colloids stabilize ICG.
• C. Haritoglou, A. Gandorfer, Markus Schaumberger, R. Tadayoni, A. Gandorfer and A. Kampik, Light-absorbing properties and osmolarity of indocyanine green depending on concentration and solvent medium , Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 2722-2729, 2003. med:AGandorfer03b
  Vis-NIR spectra of ICG and salt or glucose solutions.
• V. Saxena, M. Sadoqi and J. Shao, Degradation kinetics of indocyanine green in aqueous solution, , Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 92, No. 10, pp. 2090-2097, 2003. op:JunShao03a
  Measurement of the stability of ICG in water solutions.
• X. Wei, J. M. Runnels and C. P. Lin, Selective uptake of indocyanine green by reticulocytes in circulation , Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 4489-4496, 2003. med:XunbinWei03a
  ICG strongly labels reticulocytes i.e. young red blood cells but not so much white blood cells. Experiments with mouse and confocal microscope.
• M. J. Luetkemeier and J. A. Fattor", Measurement of indocyanine green dye is improved by use of polyethylene glycol to reduce plasma turbidity , Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 47, pp. 1843-1845, 2001. opt:JAFattor01a
  " Indocyanine Green (ICG; Akorn Inc.) is a sterile, water-soluble dye that is used clinically as a dilution indicator for studies involving the heart, liver, lungs, and circulation. When ICG is infused intravenously into the bloodstream, it rapidly binds to plasma proteins and thereby is confined to the vascular space. ICG is removed exclusively by the liver at the rate of 18–24% per minute, so the elimination of ICG follows an exponential curve with a half-life of 150–180 s. " ...
  " The manufacturer of ICG states that ICG binds primarily (95%) to albumin, with lesser binding to alpha₂-globulins. "
• G. A. Mook, A. Buursma, A. Gerding, G. Kwant and W. G. Zijlstra, Spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of blood independent of the presence of indocyanine green , Cardiovascular Research, Vol. 13, pp. 233-237, 1979. opt:WGZijlstra79a
  Oxygen saturation measurement is potentially disturbed by ICG.
• R. C. Benson and H. A. Kues, Fluorescence properties of indocyanine green as related to angiography , Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 159-163, 1978. med:HAKues78a
  Gives optimal concentration of ICG in blood and several other solutions.
• M. L. Landsman, G. Kwant, G. A. Mook and W. G. Zijlstra, Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green , Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 575-583, 1976. opt:WGZijlstra76a
  Review of the basic optical properties of ICG.

• Ralph Weissleder and Mikael J. Pittet, Imaging in the era of molecular oncology, Nature, Vol. 452, pp. 580-589, 2008. , med:RWeissleder08a
  A review of imaging methods for oncology.
• M. C. Pierce, D. J. Javier and R. Richards-Kortum, Optical contrast agents and imaging systems for detection and diagnosis of cancer, International Journal of Cancer, Vol. 123, pp. 1979-1990, 2008. med:MCPierce08a
  A review of optical contrast agents for ontological applications.
• K. E. Adams, S. Ke, S. Kwon, F. Liang, Z. Fan, Y. Lu, K. Hirsh, M. E. Mawad, M. A. Barry and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, Comparison of visible and near-infrared wavelength-exitable fluorescent dyes for molecular imaging of cancer, Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 12, pp. 024017-, 2007. opt:EMSevick-Muraca07a
  A review of optical fluorescence imaging of cancer.
• G. W. Britz, S. Ghatan, A. M. Spence and M. S. Berger, Intracarotid RMP-7 enhanced indocyanine green staining of tumors in a rat glioma model, med:MSBerger02a Journal of Neuro-Oncology, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 227-232, 2002. DOI 10.1023/A:1015035213228
  ICG staining of brain tumor with the help of RMP-7 in a rat model.

• M. Sato, M. Ishihara, T. Arai, T. Asazuma, T. Kikuchi, T. Hayashi, T. Yamada, M. Kikuchi & K. Fujikawa, Use of new ICG-dye-enchanced diode laser for percutaneous laser disc decompression, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, Vol. 29, pp. 282-287, 2001. med:MasatoSato01a
  Selkärangan välilevyn laserkirurgiakoe diodilaserilla ja ICG:llä koirilla (beagle). Diode laser surgery of dog vertebrae (backbone) lumbar disc with ICG-dye.

• M. Fujiwara, T. Mizukami, A. Suzuki and H. Fukamizu, Sentinel lymph node detection in skin cancer patients using real-time fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green: preliminary experience, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, in press, 2008. med:MasaoFujiwara08a
  Intradermal ICG (Dianogreen 0.5%) injected at various sites on the excision margin around skin cancer tumours. Uses NIR camera system PDE by Hamamatsu Photonics.
• R. Sharma, J. A. Wendt, J. C. Rasmussen, K. E. Adams, M. V. Marshall and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, New horizons for imaging lymphatic function, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1131, pp. 13-36, 2008. med:EMSevick-Muraca08a
  A review of noninvasive imaging methods for clinical diagnosis of lymphatic diseases, including optical NIR imaging with various contrast agents including ICG. Gives animal (mice, pigs) and human example results of ICG-based lymph dynamics imaging.
• K. Motomura, C. Egawa, Y. Komoike, T. Kataoka, S. Nagumo, H. Koyama, H. Inaji, Sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: Technical aspects and controversies, Breast Cancer, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 25-30, 2007. med:KazuyoshiMotomura07a
  Compares ICG and radioisotope based imaging in sentinel node detection.
• S. Ito, N. Muguruma, T. Kimura, H. Yano, Y. Imoto, K. Okamoto, M. Kaji, S. Sano and Y. Nagao, Principles and clinical usefulness of the infrared fluorescence endoscopy, The Journal of Medical Investigations, Vol. 53, pp. 1-8, 2006. med:SusumuIto06a
  This group has several papers about ICG combined noncovalently with antibodies for immunofluorescent diagnostic endoscopy.
• H. Yano, N. Muguruma, S. Ito, E. Aoyagi, T. Kimura, Y. Imoto, J. Cao, S. Inoue, S. Sano, Y. Nagao and H. Kido, Fab fragment labeled with ICG-derivative for detecting digestive tract cancer, Photodiagnosis and Phtodynamic Therapy, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 177-183, 2006. med:SusumuIto06c
  ICG with antibody for cancer detection.
• E. Tanaka, H. S. Choi, H. Fujii, M. G. Bawendi and J. V. Frangioni, Image-guided oncologic surgery using invisible light: completed pre-clinical development for sentinel lymph node mapping, Annals of Surgical Oncology, Vol. 13, pp. 1671-1681, 2006. med:JVFrangioni06b
  Comparison of ICG and CW800 bound to human serum albumin in tumor tracing using a large animal model of spontaneous melanoma.
• T. Kitai, T. Inomoto, M. Miwa and T. Shikayama, Fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer, Breast Cancer, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 211-215, 2005. med:ToshiyukiKitai05a
  ICG imaging of sentinel lymph nodes by Hamamatsu NIR camera system.

• N. Unno, M. Suzuki, N. Yamamoto, K. Inuzuka, D. Sagara, M. Nishiyama, H. Tanaka and H. Konno, Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for intraoperative assessment of blood flow: A feasibility study, European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 205-207, 2008. med:NaokiUnno08a
  ICG in angiography of critical limb ischemia (foot ulcer or rest pain) with Hamamatsu NIR camera system.

• T. Sato, M. Ito, M. Ishida and Y. Karasawa, Phototoxicity of indocyanine green under continuous fluorescent lamp illumination and its prevention by blocking red light on cultured Muller cells, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (e-publication), 2010. med:TSato10a
  Blocking of excitative wavelengths prevents phototoxicity of ICG.
• F. B. Dietz and R. A. Jaffe, Indocyanine green, evidence of neurotoxicity in spinal root axons, med:RAJaffe03a Anesthesiology, Vol. 98, pp. 516-520, 2003.
  Rat model neurotoxicity of ICG when applied on neurons directly (not via blood).
  Recommendation: avoid intrathecal or nerve root injection because of ICG neurotoxicity.
• W. W. Tseng, R. E. Saxton, A. Deganutti and C. D. Liu, Infrared laser activation of indocyanine green inhibits growth in human pancreatic cancer, Pancreas, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. e42-e45, 2003. med:CarsonDLiu03a
  ICG with NIR laser seems to inhibit pancreatic cancer growth. How about other cancers having strong angiogenesis?
• S. Fickweiler, R.-M. Szeimies, W. Bäumler, P. Steinbach, S. Karrer, A. E. Goetz, C. Abels, F. Hofstädter and M. Landthaler, Indocyanine green: Intracellular uptake and phototherapeutic effects in vitro, Journal of Phtochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Vol. 38, pp. 178-183, 1997. med:R-MSzeimies97a
  Phototoxicity of ICG measured with cell culture with and without sodium azide.
• K. Kita, T. Itoshima, T. Ito, H. Ogawa, M. Ukida, M. Kitadai, S. Hattori, S. Mizutani, R. Tanaka. M. Andoh, N. Koide, T. Tanabe, H. Kondoh, M. Jitoku and H. Nagashima, Photodynamic therapy of rat liver cancer: Protection of the normal liver by indocyanine green, Gastroenterologia Japonica, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 465-473, 1987. med:KeijiKita87a
  ICG used with a hematoporphyrin derivative in PDT.